creatine-muscle-creatine-content

この研究の注釈：

Increases seen with creatine monohydrate. No increases in any parameters of CEE (Creatine Ethyl Ester) differed from placebo.

Typical loading period (20g daily) followed by maintenance (5g daily)

この研究の注釈：

Effect only statistically significant when controlling for ‘responders’ and ‘non-responders’ based on muscular creatine content improvements in response to supplementation.

Muscle creatine content statistically significant when controlled, but showed inter-individual variation.

この研究の注釈：

Muscular endurance as defined by high intensity and continuous cardiovascular exercise (rather than ‘Aerobic Exercise’ which denotes low to moderate intensity).

21g creatine daily ingested alongside 21g dextrose (carbohydrate)

この研究の注釈：

Creatine dosed at 0.25g/kg lean mass for a loading period and 0.0625g/kg lean mass for maintenance. Study was 8 weeks in length.

All subjects using creatine experienced increases in muscle creatine content and power output, although vegetarian athletes had greater increases due to lower initial levels.

この研究の注釈：

In healthy omnivorous men, creatine supplementation (20 g/day for 5 days followed by 2 g/day for 6 weeks) increased muscle creatine (31% after loading, 14% after maintenance) and glycogen (13.5% after loading, normalized after maintenance), without any change in ATP concentration or plasma insulin, and only a trend to increase GLUT4 (30%).

この研究の注釈：

Specifically, measured total creatine content and phosphocreatine content and their relative ratios.

Results suggest that creatine supplementation at 0.43g/kg bodyweight does not alter the Total creatine to phosphocreatine ratio.

この研究の注釈：

Study conducted in 20 young healthy men consuming 21g creatine monohydrate for 14 days straight.

No adverse blood parameters were noted, and indirect evidence for lack of kidney complications was given.

この研究の注釈：

Study comparing the effects of creatine supplementation in ominvores and vegetarians for 5 days. Both groups had increases in muscle creatine content, although the increase was more significant in vegetarians.

この研究の注釈：

20 g/day for 5 days between two standard glycogen loading protocols (a large carbohydrate intake subsequent to glycogen-depleting exercise) increased glycogen stores from 41% to 53%. Although creatine was taken up in the muscles to high levels (an increase of 37-46%), its uptake rate was not affected by the glycogen depletion and repletion.

この研究の注釈：

20 g/day for 2 weeks of limb immobilization followed by 5 g/day for 10 weeks of rehabilitation showed an increase in glycogen (measured at 3 weeks only), in muscle GLUT4 (3-10 weeks), and in muscle phosphocreatine.

この研究の注釈：

In healthy men undergoing single-limb submaximal exercise, 20 g/day (5 g four times per day) for 5 days increased creatine concentrations in the skeletal muscle of both legs, but to a 68% greater degree in the exercised tissue than in the nonexercised one. The subjects were on a high carbohydrate diet (>80% of daily calorie intake).

この研究の注釈：

Supplementation of creatine at 20g for a period of 10 days was sufficient to increase muscular creatine concentrations as well as power output (squat and bench testing) in otherwise healthy adult men (no significant changes in body weight noted, although nonsignificant trends existed); 2g trimethylglycine failed to replicate these effects, and was not additive.

この研究の注釈：

Supplementation of 5g creatine monohydrate daily for eight weeks in young boys with Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy was noted to increase power output as assessed via an MMT test, and improved parental reports of ‘improvement’ relative to placebo.

この研究の注釈：

Supplementation of creatine monohydrate at 10g leading up to surgery (10 days) and then 5g daily for a month afterwards failed to modify the recovery rate from surgery or any other measured parameter, although a trend to increase handgrip strength occurred independent of increases in muscular creatine stores.

この研究の注釈：

Found increases in power and hypertrophy when controlled for responders, based on muscular creatine uptake.

Dosed at 20g creatine monohydrate daily with 140g dextrose for 5 days, with 5g creatine monohydrate with 35g dextrose as maintenance for the remainder of the 4 weeks.

Association noted between degree of muscle uptake and amount of benefit gained from creatine supplementation.

この研究の注釈：

5 g/day for 4 months in individuals with myotonic dystrophy type I (DM1) failed to improve muscular strength (handgrip) or lung function (FEV1) relative to placebo, nor was there any influence on functional tests or biochemical parameters.

この研究の注釈：

In female swimmers, 2 g/day for 6 weeks failed to increase muscular creatine levels and thus power output, a failure probably due to the dose being too low for athletes.

この研究の注釈：

20 g/day for 5 days followed by 2 g/day for 37 days in healthy sedentary omnivorous males increased muscle creatine but failed to improve VO~2~ max. Performance on intermittent sprints increased after the 5 days of loading (7.03±1.0% in the creatine group versus 3.06±1.4% in the placebo group), but the improvement after the 37 days of maintenance was not statistically significant.